Procedure For Making Our Cannon

Step One:

Obtain the materials seen in the photo:

1. Two tennins ball cans

2. A pair of scissors

3. 18in of tape

Assumed Materials:
1. Protractor/Ruler
2. Marker

Step Two: 

Draw the design that is going to be 

used to biuld your cannon.  

Step Three:

We began building the cannon. We decided to have a base that would have a small cut in it that the barrell would kind of sit in.In the picture shown we were marking the place we were going to make our cut.   

Step Four;
We start to cut the base making it big enough for the barrell to lay in.

Step Five:

Marking the place we were going to cut the barrell, we made the cut so that their was only half of the barrell left. We did this so that there wouldnt be enough space for the gas to expand.   

 Step Six:

We cut the tennis ball can about halfway down or about 5in, from  the rim. This also made it easier for us to use a fourty-five degree angle. We chose that angle so that the cannon would shoot a greater distance.

This is what our finishing product looked like. As you can see the barrell is 5in long and is laying in the base as we watned. We took the top of the barrell that we had cut off and put on the bottom of the barrell to keep it from rolling. The only other thing we had to o was put a small whole in the barrel for the ethanol to go into the cannon so it can be shot.






How pressure, temperature, and volume play a role in the design:
Boyles Gas Law says that the volume and pressure of a gas are inversley proportional. We though that with a smaller volume the pressure would rise. This would cause the nurf ball to be shot out of the cannon as a result of a higher pressure and a lower volume.

Chemical Equation (Ethanol Oxygen):
C2H5OH+3O2---2CO2+3H2O

What angle we are using and why:
We choose to use a 45 degree angle. We did this because we wanted the the nurf ball to shoot a farther distance.

Problems we had while making the cannon:
The only problems that my group had was trying to decide how much of the barrell to cut off. We had a split decision between cutting off 3in or 5in, but eventually we decided to cut the 5in off.



Math Component:

1. The equation is h= -16t2+192t+32, with 192 being the initial velocity and 32 being the starting height.

2. Identify Variables:
• A: -16
• B: 192
• C: 32

3. Find the time (t)
• To find (t) use the quadratic formula: -b±√(b2-4ac)/2a
• Sub in the values of a, b, and c as shown above
• -(192)±√((1922)-(4*-16*32))/2(-16)
• New Equatio is: -192±(√38912)/-32 = -.166 or 12.16
• You cant have negative time so you change the sign: 12.16 is (t)≈12 seconds

4. Find the height (h)
• To find the height, you have to find the x-coordinate of the vertex. Use the equation x= -b/2a
• Plug in the above values to get -192/2(-16)  and that equation simplifies to 6.
• Next you have to plug in 6 for x (t) in the equation to get your y-coordinate (height)
h= -16t2+192t+32.
• h=-16(6)2+192(6)+32 which simplifies to h= -576+1152+32= 608 ft

5. You Have The Final Answer:
• Quadratic Model: h= -16t2+192t+32
• The cannon shoots: 608 ft
• The canon is in the air for: 12 seconds

Economic Impacts

Economis impacts:

Both the American Six-Pounder Fieldpiece and the French Twelve-Pounder Field Gun were used during the American Revolutionary war. This was the war fought between Great Britain and the thirteen British colonies in North America. Colonist were fightinh for their freedom from Great Britain so these cannons were used to by both sides to conquer land. For example the British used cannons like these to conquer the United States southern flanks.

During the time that the 2.9-inch (10-pounder) Parrott Rifle was being built the Civil War came to be. The war was about slavery and was fought by the Confederates who wanted slavery and the Union who didnt. This type of cannon would have been used to conquer cities, towns, and even rivers.

The 3-inch Wrought Iron Gun 1841 or the 3-inch Ordinance Rifle was used by Americans during the Mexin-American War. This war was fought over the anexation of Texas. Mexico complaid it as their territory despite the Texas Revolution. Americans used the 3-inch wrought iron gun to conquer California, and New Mexico, where northern Mexico is now located, they also used the cannon to conquer Mexico City. 

The French TRF1 155 mm gun-howitzer Caesar was a cannon that was used by the French Army. Unfortunantely I could not find any wars that if maay have been used in. If I was to go by just the year I would guess that it might have been used during the Gulf War.

In 1928  M101 105mm Howitzer was built. This cannon was used during World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. The Korean war was a result of the division of Korea. The cannon was used to conquer areas of land in the Republic of Korea and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. The U.S. came to be great help for South Korea.     

  

Argument on the Ethics of Weapon Development

Argument on the Ethics of Weapon Development:

If a country should have to develop a weapon it should be soley for the protection of the country and should insure that if the country should be subject to attack, that it would be safe. The only reason that any nation or country should have weapons is for protection purposes. I have a deap respect and appreciation for thoughs who are fighting for me and agree that sometimes we have to fight for the things we want. With that being said the production of arms in my opinion is acceptable. Even though I agree with using weapons for protection, my opinion on war is nuetral. I think the weapons involved should not be used to harms innocent people. For example if a bomb is put into a random car by a U.S. soldier and a child and her parents get into the car and it explodes that would be an example of miss-using a weapon. But if a soldier is in combat and has someone running towards him threatening to kill him and his fellow soldiers it would be okay to use a weapon.

English Component:

While reading the book "Along Way Gone" by Ishmael Beah in my english class, I came across a passage that really sank in. The paragraph had been about Ishmael's first day of war preparation. He was sharing a room with two younger boys who were exhausted because of the war training. One of the boys said "paw-paw" in his sleep, he was mimicking the sound of the gun he had used earlier that day. This made me realize how weapons they used had a huge efffect on the child soldiers. I dont think that young people should be involved in wars at all. That means in in different countries were cultures are different as well. The effects of the war on everday civilians is devastating, and to imagine what soldiers see on the battlefield is much worse, for children that are only tweleve and maybe younger to see it is unexcusable and should be against the law. In the book Ishmael and his friends take several weaks to recover from all of there war side effects. Ishmael even has headaches from all of the horible images that he has seen.

Social Impacts

Social Impacts:

By the 1700s cannons were being used more commonly in European Armies. One cannon that was made by a European was the American Six-Pouner Fieldpiece. It was built by Frederick the Great of Prussia. This cannon and other like it were used in battles such as the Battle of Saratoga, and the Battle of Trenton, which took place in the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the thirteen British colonies trying to win independence from Great Britain. This means that this type of cannon would have been used to capture different areas of land.   

In the 1800s there were campaigns going on such as that at the Gettysburg Campaign. The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought during the Civil War. These cannons were used mostly by southern states. The Civil War was fought by the states as they were seperated into the Confederacy and the union. The Confederacy wanted slavery and the Union did not. This was the cause of the Civil War. The Union won the Civil War. The 2.9 inch 10 pounder Parrott Riffle was used along with other cannons to win these battles leading to the end of the war.

In the 1900s war was taking place in may parts of the world. Those wars include the Korean War, World War II, and the Vietnam War. One type of cannon that was used in all of these wars was the M101 105mm Howitzer. This gun was used very often by the soldiers in all battles. The Allied powers won World War II and many of the battles involved, they did so only by will power and great arms such as the M101 105mm Howitzer and other great arms. The nations were fighting because of tensions between the countries as a result of Wolrd War I, and the Great Depression. The Allied powers used their excellent artillery to help win the second world war. World War II brought an end to the Depression everywhere because industries had to produce arms, men were fighting from all sides of the world.

Cannon Designs

American 6-pounder fieldpiece

This is a American 6-pounder fieldpiece that was used in the war for independence . This particular model was made in 1775 by Frederick the Great of Prussia. This type of cannon and others like were small and were called mobile guns due to there light weight. This cannon was used during wars such as the American Revolution. It was used during battles such as the Battle of Bunkers Hill and the Battle of Yorktown. This cannon was used by both Great Britain and the thriteen British Colonies during the war.  

 

FRENCH 12-POUNDER FIELD GUN  1780

Frenchman Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval, who brought home a number of ideas after serving with the Austrian artillery. The great reform in French artillery began in 1765, although Gribeauval was not able to effect all of his changes until he became Inspector General of Artillery in 1776. He all but revolutionized French artillery. He reduced the length and weight of the pieces, as well as the charge and the windage (the difference between the diameters of shot and bore); he built carriages so that many parts were interchangeable, and made soldiers out of the drivers. This cannon would have also been used in the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War.

 

2.9-inch (10-pounder) Parrott Rifle 1861

Designed before the war by Captain Robert Parker Parrott, it is distinguishable by a thick band of iron wrapped around the breech. The Parrott design went through improvements during the war and were changed in 1863 to a larger 3-inch bore and matching Parrott shell. The 3-inch Parrott was standardized the following year and most 2.9-inch guns like this one were withdrawn from service. Parrott Rifles were manufactured by the West Point Arsenal in Cold Spring, New York. This 10-pounder Parrott Rifle used during the Gettysburg Campaign had an effective range of over 2,000 yards. This type of cannon was built before the war, but it was used at the Gettysburg Campaign during the American Civil War.

 

3-inch Wrought Iron Gun 1841 or the 3-inch Ordinance Rifle  

This cannon was designed by John Griffen, superintendent of the Safe Harbor Iron Works in Pennsylvania. The initial design was built by the Phoenix Iron Company of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania which manufactured most of the 3-inch Rifles used in the Union Armies. This iron gun was similar in length to the Parrott Rifle, fired an elongated shell, and was  accurate up to a mile. The gun weighed an average of 800 pounds and could be easily transported by its crew. This type of cannon would have been used during the Mexican War.

French TRF1 155 mm gun-howitzer Caesar

This cannon was manufactured by GIAT, a French government owned  manufacturer, a successor to self-moving artillery guns, fitted with auxiliary power unit. This artillery system was designed to meet the fire support requirements of rapid deployment forces. The Caesar was revealed in 1994. The maximum range of fire is 42 km and the maximum rate of fire is 6 rounds per minute. This cannon was used by the French Army.

  M101 105mm Howitzer 

The M101 was developed in 1928 and saw extensive use in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. It is manufactured at Rock Island Arsenal with over 10,000 produced including all variants. It had a range of 12,325 yards. A rate of fire at 10 rounds per minute could be achieved with 3 rounds per minute in a sustained fire.